Basics of taxonomy and binomial nomenclature. Based on Biology: Principals & Explorations chapters 15 and 20. Zoology students can try this one, but it may be harder.
| AB |
prokaryote| a single cell organism lacking a nucleus and membrane bound organelles and has a cell wall |
| eukaryote | organism that have a true nucleus and membrane bound organelles |
| eubacteria | one of two kingdoms of prokaryotes with peptidoglycan in their cell wall |
| archaebacteria | one of tow kingdoms of prokaryotes with no peptidoglycan in their cell wall |
| peptidoglycan | a molecules made of carbohydrate strands cross-linked by short peptide bridges |
| protista | microscopic eukaryotes, most are unicellular, some are multicellular, autotrophic and heterotrophic, most live in moist environments |
| fungi | eukaryotes, cell wall contains chitin, unicellular and multicellular, heterotrophic by absorption, rooted in place |
| plantae | eukaryotes, has cell wall, multicellular, autotrophic by photosynthesis, rooted in place |
| Animalia | eukaryotes, no cell wall, multicellular, heterotrophic, mobile |
| kingdom | taxonomic category that contains phyla with similar characteristics |
| phylum | a taxonomic category containing classes with similar characteristics |
| phyla | plural of phylum, more than one phylum |
| class | taxonomic category containing orders with common characteristics |
| order | taxonomic category consisting of families with similar characteristics |
| family | taxonomic category containing genera (genus) with similar characteristics |
| genus | taxonomic category containing similar species |
| species | group of organisms with very similar characteristics and are capable of producing fertile offspring |
| colonial organism | collection of cells that are permanently associated but in which little or no integration of cell activities occurs |
| aggregation | a temporary collection of cells that comes together for a period of time and then separates |
| multicellular | organism made of more than one cell |
| unicellular | single cell organism |
| hypha | slender filament that is part of the body of a multicellular fungus |
| septum | in fungi, a wall like division between cells within a hypha |
| amoeba | a protist that use a pseudopodia to move |
| euglena | a protist that uses a flagella to move and has chlorophyll for photosynthesis, autotrophic and heterotrophic |
| paramecium | a protist covered with cilia, heterotrophic |
| diatoms | protist with double shell made of silica, photosynthetic |
| algae | photosynthetic protists found in marine and freshwater environments |
| slime mold | a fungus like protist that can aggregate in times of stress, found in fresh water and damp soil |
| Sporozoans | nonmotile unicellular protists that can from spores, many responsible for disease such as malaria |
| Zygomycetes | a fungi that form sexual structures called zygosporangia, example bread mold |
| basidiomycetes | a fungi that forms a sexual reproductive structure called a mushroom |
| ascomycetes | a fungi that forms sexual spores in sac like structures called asci |
| tissue | group of cells with common structure and function |
| organ | group of tissues that work together to perform a particular function |
| organ system | group of organs that function together to carry out a major activity of the body |
| invertebrate | animals that do not have a backbone |
| vertebrate | animal that has a backbone |
| bryophytes | nonvascular plants without roots, stems, nor leaves, example moss |
| nonvascular | plants that do not have a vascular system of roots, stems, nor leaves to transport water and minerals |
| vascular | plants that do have a vascular system of roots, stems and leaves for the transport of water and minerals |
| seedless vascular plants | have a primitive vascular system and reproduce with spores, example ferns |
| gymnosperms | nonflowering vascular plants that produce exposed seeds usually in cones, example pine trees and gingko trees |
| angiosperms | flowering vascular plants |
| sponge | only animals that do not have tissue, but they do have specialized cells, very porous |
| cnidarians | mostly marine animals that include jellyfish, sea anemones, and coral |
| mollusks | animals with hard external shells and a sac like coelom that encloses internal organs, examples are snails, oysters, clams, octopuses and squid |
| worms | a variety of invertebrate animals with cylinder shaped bodies |
| arthropods | most diverse group of animals with external skeletons and jointed appendages, example insect |
| echinoderms | includes sea stars, sea urchins, and sand dollars |
| cladogram | diagram based on patterns of shared, derived traits that shows the evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms |
| taxonomy | the science of naming and classifying organisms |
| binomial nomenclature | a system for giving each organism a two word scientific name that consists of the genus followed by the species |
| Aristotle | Greek philosopher who grouped plants and animals according to their structural similarities |
| Carolus Linnaeus | developed the two word naming system |
| scientific name | the two word name for an organism that in universal |
| common name | the name for an organism that depends on the language used |
| Homo sapiens | humans |
| phylogeny | evolutionary history of a species |
| cladistics | phylogenetic method in which relationships are inferred based on presence of derived traits |
| evolutionary systematics | method of constructing phylogenies that involves weighing characters by their presumed evolutionary significance |
| differentiation | process in which the cells of a multicellular individual become specialized during development |
| heterotrophic | an organism that can not make its own food and must consume other organisms |
| autotrophic | ability to make ones own food through chemosynthesis or photosynthesis |
| chitin | tough carbohydrate found in many fungi and in the exoskeleton of all arthropods |
| cell wall | the structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support for the cell |
| derived traits | unique characteristic of a particular group of organisms |
